Bioremediation of Slaughter House Waste Water by Rhodobacter Sp. Gskrlmbku-02.

Biological treatment of waste waters is a sustainable alternative for waste treatment to existing treatment methods. Microbial metabolism effects pH, BOD, COD, DO and concentration of suspended solids present in slaughter house waste water. Rhodobacter sp. GSKRLMBKU-02 from paper mill waste water was used in the present study to remediate slaughter house waste water. Treatment with this bacterium caused a significant decrease in some of the parameters tested for waste water. Remediation of slaughter house waste water of Warangal by Rhodobacter sp. GSKRLMBKU-02 showed a 28% decrease in DO, 52% decrease in BOD, 76% decrease in COD and organic matter decreased to the extent of 55%. Further a reduction in the levels of Chloride (68%), sulphates (69%) and bicarbonates (34%) were also noticed due to the growth of this bacterium.

Phosphate Solubilization by Allochromatium Sp. GSKRLMBKU-01 Isolated from Marine Water of Visakhapatnam.

Mineral phosphate solubilization activities by Allochromatium sp. GSKRLMBKU-01 on dicalcium and tricalcium phosphate was investigated. The biomass, di- and tricalcium phosphate solubilization increased with the progress of incubation period upto 8th day and decreased with further incremental incubation period. The highest solubility of dicalcium phosphate (558.0 ± 9.2 μg P/ml) and tricalcium phosphate (568.0 ± 8.0 μg P/ml) was recorded on 8th day of incubation period. The maximum optical density of biomass of the bacterium on dicalcium and tricalcium phosphate was 1.389 ± 0.110 and 1.206 ± 0.108 respectively on 8th day of incubation period. A positive correlation coefficient (r) was recorded between growth, dicalcium phosphate(r=0.965) and tricalcium phosphate (r=0.786) solubilization.

Biotechnological applications of purple non sulphur phototrophic bacteria: A minireview.

Bacteria play in vital role in the production of variety of products, including certain plastics and enzymes used in detergents, textiles and pharmaceutical industries. Production of chemicals using bacteria and other microorganisms is not only economical sustainable but also ecofriendly. Modern biotechnology entails the use of cell fusion, bioinformatics, genetic engineering, structure based molecular design and hybridoma technology. The presence of photosynthetic bacteria along with the heterotrophic bacteria have been reported in various aquatic environments like Indian tropical waters (Vasavi et al., 2007), salt marshes (Bergstein et al., 1993), industrial effluents (Ramasamy et al., 1990; Merugu et al., 2008), sea water (Kobayashi,1982), sewage (Kobayashi et al., 1995), waste water (Sunita and Mitra, 1993 and Vasavi et al., 2007), hot water springs (Demchick et al., 1990), earthworm casts (Vasavi et al., 2007), paddy fields (Sasikala et al., 2004), ocean waters and aquaculture (Kappler et al.,2005), brackish lagoon (Anthony et al., 2006), and black sea (Overmann and Manske, 2006). Blankenship et al. (1995) studied taxonomy of anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria. These bacteria preferably grow by a photoheterotrophic metabolism with organic substances as electron donors during their photosynthetic activity. Most species are also capable of growing photoautotrophically with molecular hydrogen as donor. They have high protein content with good amount of essential amino acids, vitamins, biological co-factors and fewer amounts of nucleic acids (Sasikala and Ramana, 1995, Merugu et al.,2008). Many workers have recommended purple non sulphur bacteria as a source of SCP for pisciculture and poultry industry (Salma et al., 2007), vitamin B12 (Sasikala and Ramana,1995), Ubiquinone Q10 used in clinical medicine (Sasaki et al., 2002) and therapeutically used compounds (Nagumo et al., 1991). Mitsui (1985), while discussing multiple utilisation of tropical and subtropical marine photosynthetic organisms, suggested that some photosynthetic bacterial strains may prove to be an economical source of carbohydrate material for bacterial mediated methane production. Carotenoids produced by Rb.sphaeroides are used as natural dyes and food dyes (Qian et al., 1991). The profile of essential amino acids of anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria is comparable to those of soyabean and egg proteins (Ponsanio et al., 2002) and higher than those of other single cell protein (Azad et al., 2001). Mass production of Rhodopseudomonas palustris as diet for aquaculture was studied by Kim and Lee (2000). Many of phototrophic bacteria are reported to leach out ammonia during their growth as amino acids. Ammonia leaching was observed in resting cells of Rhodobacter sphaeroides O.U.001 in the absence of MSX under various gas phases (Sasikala and Ramana, 1990). Hiroo (2004) used a mixed culture of photosynthetic bacteria for ammonia leaching.

Effect of bioinoculation of rhodobacter capsulatus KU002 on two rice varieties of India.

In our continuing studies on the potential application of phototrophic bacteria we have tried to investigate the effects of inoculation of phototrophic bacteria on the growth and nitrogen levels in two varieties of rice namely Mashuri and Erramallelu. Mashuri variety was comparatively more responsive to the inoculation of phototrophic bacteria. Increase in shoot length of both the varieties of rice could be recorded. Nitrogen percentage showed a marked increase in both the rice varieties tested. Potential of phototrophic bacteria as a biofertiliser is discussed in this communication.

Production of PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) by rhodopseudomonas palustris KU003 and rhodobacter capsulatus KU002 under phosphate limitation.

Nine bacterial species of purple non sulphur bacteria were isolated from Warangal district of South India from leather industry effluents which included Rhodopseudomonas palustris, R.rutila, R.acdiophila, Rhodopila globiformis, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rsp.photometricum, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rb.capsulatus, Rhodobacter sp and Rhodocyclus gelatinosus were isolated. Among these Rhodopseudomonas palustris KU003 and Rhodobacter capsulatus KU002 were selected for the production of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). The extracted PHB was characterized by IR and NMR spectral analysis. Effect of nutrient limitation in the form of phosphate KH2PO4 was tested to enhance the production of the polymer. Maximum yield of PHB was recorded at a concentration of 280 mg/L of KH2PO4 in Rps.palustris while no significant increase in the production of the polymer was observed in Rb.capsulatus.

Production of PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate) by rhodopseudomonas palustris KU003 under nitrogen limitation.

A survey of various tannery effluents for the presence of purple non-sulphur bacteria was undertaken in Warangal district of South India. In all the nine bacterial species, which included Rhodopseudomonas palustris, R.rutila, R.acdiophila, Rhodopila globiformis, Rhodospirillum rubrum, Rsp.photometricum, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rb.capsulatus, Rhodobacter sp and Rhodocyclus gelatinosus were isolated. Among these Rhodopseudomonas palustris KU003 was selected for the production of Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB). Effect of nitrogen limitation on the production of PHB was tested. PHB accumulation was more at a nitrogen limitation of 78 mg/L of ammonium chloride. The maximum PHB produced was 180 mg/L of BP medium containing glucose as carbon source. Significance of the above in the light of existing literature is discussed in this communication.

Microbial transformation of albendazole.

Screening scale studies were performed to biotransform anthelmintic drug albendazole by using twelve bacterial strains representing six genera and five actinomycetes cultures. Among the cultures studied, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 619, Escherichia coli MTCC 118 and Klebsiella pneumoniae MTCC 109 could transform albendazole to one metabolite whereas, Enterobacter aerogenes NCIM 2695, Klebsiella aerogenes NCIM 2258, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCIM 2074 and Streptomyces griseus NCIM 2622 could transform albendazole into two metabolites in significant quantities. The transformation of albendazole was identified by HPLC. Based on LC-MS-MS data, the two metabolites were predicted to be albendazole sulfoxide (M1) and albendazole sulfone (M2), the major mammalian metabolites reported previously. Since M1 is active metabolite, the results prove the versatility of microorganisms to perform industrially attractive chemical reactions.

Production of lipases by four anoxygenic purple non-sulphur phototrophic bacteria.

Production of lipases by Rhodopseudomonas palustris, Rhodobacter sphaeroides, Rhodocyclus gelatinosus and Rhodocyclus tenuis in different synthetic media was investigated. Rc. gelatinosus followed by Rb. sphaeroides were good producers of lipases, while Rps. palustris and Rc. tenuis were poor in lipase secretion. Lipase secretion by Rc. gelatinosus was adaptive in nature, while other three bacterial behavior was inconsistent. No positive correlation could be observed between growth and lipase production.

Production of free amino acids by some earthworm-borne microorganisms.

Production of free amino acids by some earthworm-borne microorganisms was investigated in three different synthetic media. Among the fungi tried Gliocladium roseum and Heterocephallum aurantiacum; among bacteria screened Bacillus macerans and B. mycoides; and among actinomycetes tested Streptomyces rimosus, S. violans, S. antibiticus, S. corchorusii and S. atroolivaceus produced significant amount of free amino acids. No correlations could be observed between vegetative growth and free amino acid production.